When a direct electric current is applied across a solution of stannous chloride (SnCl2) an otherwise nonspontaneous chemical reaction called electrolysis takes place. The stannous chloride dissociates into Tin(II) and chloride (Cl-) ions which serve as the electrolyte for the redox reaction. At the cathode, Tin(II) is oxidized into Tin(IV), which forms the metal crystals spreading across the beaker. At the anode, oxygen gas (O2) is produced.
If the metal were allowed to grow all the way between the cathode and anode, it would short-circuit the electrolytic solution and risk damaging an unprotected power supply.
Source: https://youtu.be/r-YbQN_twpw
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