Anodization is an electrolytic process used to increase resistance to corrosion, wear, and improve adhesion compared to bare metal by thickening the natural oxide layer that forms on the surface of metals. The process is called anodizing because the treated material forms the anode electrode of an electrical circuit.
This piece of titanium undergoes several color changes as it is anodized because the growing layer of titanium oxide refracts light differently depending on its thickness.
Source: https://youtu.be/aSUJsT0YNxA
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